Legionella – Respiratory–PCR and Culture

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Background

This page provides PCR and culture testing information for Legionella species, the causative agent(s) of Legionnaires’ disease.

The following testing options are available for Legionella: Legionella Urine Antigen Test (urine specimen) and Environmental Legionella Testing

This page is for information specific to Respiratory Legionella specimens.

Updates

Updated interpretation table

* Copie d'impression non contrôlée. Valide uniquement le jour de l'impression : 21 nov. 2024.

Testing Indications

Listed below are some of the indications that warrant testing patients with pneumonia for Legionnaires’ disease:²

Patients who have failed outpatient antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia
Patients with severe pneumonia, in particular those requiring intensive care
Immunocompromised patients with pneumonia
Patients with a travel history (patients who have traveled away from their home overnight within 14 days before symptom onset)
Hospitalized patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia (pneumonia with onset ≥48 hours after admission) at risk for Legionnaires’ disease
Patients with an overnight stay in a healthcare facility within 14 days before symptom onset
Patients with an epidemiologic link to a setting with a confirmed source of Legionella or that has been associated with at least one laboratory-confirmed case of Legionnaires’ disease

Testing for healthcare-associated Legionnaires’ disease is especially important if any of the following are identified in a healthcare facility:²

Other patients with healthcare-associated Legionnaires’ disease diagnosed in the past 12 months
Positive environmental tests for Legionella
Current changes in water quality that may lead to Legionella growth (e.g., changes in water temperature, chlorine levels or construction)

Specimen Collection and Handling

Specimen Requirements

Test Requested	Required Requisition(s)	Specimen Type	Minimum Volume	Collection Kit
Legionella PCR	General Test Requisition	Lower respiratory tract specimens such as BAL, bronchial wash, lung tissues, pleural fluid, sputum, etc. collected during the acute phase of illness.	1 ml of liquid specimen	Sterile container
Legionella Culture Identification and Serogrouping	General Test Requisition	Pure viable cultured isolate	N/A	Culture plate with selective media for Legionella

Submission and Collection Notes

Complete all fields of the requisition form, including:

Test(s) requests and indications for testing such as travel and healthcare exposure
Patient setting/population/source
Symptoms and date of onset if diagnostic testing is required.

Label the specimen container(s) with the patient’s first and last name, date of collection, and one other unique identifier, such as the patient’s date of birth or Health Card Number. Failure to provide this information may result in rejection or testing delay.

Timing of Specimen Collection

Specimens should be collected during the acute phase of illness.

Storage and Transport

Specimens should be stored at 2-8°C following collection and shipped to PHO’s laboratory on ice packs. All clinical specimens must be shipped in accordance to the Transportation of Dangerous Good Act.

Special Instructions

For specimens that are part of an outbreak, ensure the Public Health Unit assigned outbreak number is indicated on the requisition. For any cluster investigation, please contact PHO’s laboratory Customer Service at 416-235-6556/1-877-604-4567 regarding assigning an investigation number prior to specimen submission

To facilitate the linkage or collation of the specimens associated to the investigation or outbreak, ensure Outbreak or Investigation number is properly indicated on all related specimens submitted.

Requisitions and Kit Ordering

Test Frequency and Turnaround Time (TAT)

Legionella PCR testing is performed daily, Monday to Friday, at PHO’s laboratory - Toronto and Kingston sites. Legionella culture is only performed at PHO’s laboratory-Toronto, Monday to Friday.

Turnaround time is up to 4 days from receipt by PHO’s laboratory for PCR.
Turnaround time is up to 15 days from receipt by PHO’s laboratory for culture.

Stat and Critical Specimens Testing

STAT testing is not available; however, for urgent specimens (i.e. critical) please notify customer service to ensure the sample is on the next available run.

Test Methods

Legionella PCR :
All specimens are tested using a real-time PCR assay that detects two targets: Legionella pneumophila and Legionella species. The Legionella species target has been shown to cross react with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Moraxella catarrhalis. No such cross reaction has been found with the L. pneumophila specific target. Results should be interpreted in the clinical context of the patient.

This assay was developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Respiratory Diseases Branch¹ and verified at Public Health Ontario’s laboratory for clinical use.

Sputum, lung tissues, pleural fluid were not validated for this assay but will be tested and reported with a disclaimer.

All specimens for which Legionella is detected by PCR are subsequently cultured.

Legionella Culture:
Primary respiratory specimens or isolates from a pure culture submitted to PHO’s laboratory are cultured on Buffered-Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE) agar, Buffered Polymyxin B, Anisomycin, and Vancomycin (BPAV) charcoal media and Blood Agar (BA) and incubated at 35ºC - 37 ºC. Legionella species grow on BCYE and BPAV but not on BA. Growth is observed under the microscope for typical Legionella colonies. Presumptive Legionella colonies are subjected to slide agglutination testing (SAT) to determine species and serogroup. Additional testing (e.g. 16S) may follow, as appropriate. Culture positive specimens are identified to the genus, species and serogroup levels. Culture negative specimens are incubated up to 14 days before being reported as NOT DETECTED.

Interpretation

The following table provides possible test results with associated interpretations for Legionella PCR:

Result	Interpretation	Comments
Not detected.	Legionella species including Legionella pneumophila NOT DETECTED.
Detected.	Legionella species DETECTED, Legionella pneumophila DETECTED. Or Legionella species DETECTED, Legionella pneumophila NOT DETECTED.	Culture Report to follow
Indeterminate.	Indeterminate for both Legionella species and Legionella pneumophila. Or Indeterminate for Legionella species, and NOT DETECTED for Legionella pneumophila. Or Indeterminate for Legionella pneumophila, and NOT DETECTED for Legionella species.	Note: Please resubmit specimen if clinically indicated.
Invalid	Invalid	PCR results not available. This may be due to the presence of inhibitory substances in the specimen or a poor quality specimen. Please resubmit specimen if clinically indicated.

Note: A patient with clinically compatible signs and symptoms and demonstration of Legionella spp. DNA by PCR in a respiratory tract specimen should be considered a probable case of Legionellosis.3

Legionella Culture is reported as:

“Legionella species not isolated” – if there is no grown Legionella species
“Legionella species isolated, Legionella [species name], serogroup (if applicable to the species) – if Legionella organism is isolated

Reporting

Results are reported to the physician, authorized health care provider (General O. Reg 45/22, s.18) or submitter as indicated on the requisition.

Specimens for which Legionella species is detected are reported to the Medical Officer of Health as per the Ontario Health Protection and Promotion Act.

References

G. Yang, R. Benson, T. Pelish, E Brown, JM Winchell, B Fields. Dual detection of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella species by real-time PCR targeting the 23S-5S rRNA gene spacer region. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19438641/
Center for Disease Control. Legionella (Legionnaire’s Disease and Pontiac Fever). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/clinicians/diagnostic-testing.html)
Ontario Public Health Standards: Requirements for Programs, Services and Accountability Infectious Disease Protocol. Appendix 1: Case Definitions and Disease Specific Information Disease: Legionellosis . Available from: https://files.ontario.ca/moh-ophs-legionellosis-en-2022.pdf